Process control methods and apparatus

ABSTRACT

The present invention provides a method for controlling a process by inputting a deviation between setpoint and process variables to a controller to calculate a controlled/manipulated variable, and then inputting the controlled/manipulated variable to the process, wherein conditions for the process variable to settle within a finite length of time are determined from the final-value theorem, the transfer function of the controller is derived from the conditions, and the value of or change in the controlled/manipulated variable with which to control the process is calculated using the transfer function.  
     With this control method and apparatus for the method, it is possible to allow even a process with a long dead time and a large time constant to settle within a short length of time.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0001] 1. Field of the Invention

[0002] Profile control in the cross-machine direction of a paper machine involves a long dead time and a large time constant. As a result, this type of control takes a long time to stabilize for such events as a setpoint change, thus decreasing production efficiency. Another problem has been that a manipulated variable may overshoot after paper threading due to sheet break or after grade change. As a result, the manipulated variable takes a long time to settle, thereby also decreasing production efficiency.

[0003] The present invention relates to a process control method based on a finite settling-time response method. More particularly, the invention relates to a process control method and a process control apparatus preferred in controlling paper thickness profiles in the cross-machine direction of a paper machine.

[0004] 2. Description of the Prior Art

[0005]FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic view showing the configuration of a system for controlling the paper thickness (CLP) profiles of a paper machine. In the figure, produced paper 51 is smoothed in its entirety and tuned in its thickness profile by a calender 53, and wound onto a reel 55. At this point, the thickness profile in the cross-machine direction of the produced paper 51 is measured by a CLP sensor 54 placed immediately before the reel 55. The CLP sensor 54 repeats a scan (round travel) across the paper 51 in the cross-machine direction at a speed of approximately 30 seconds per one-way travel, thus measuring the thickness profile of the paper 51.

[0006] A CLP measurement signal, which is the output of the CLP sensor 54, is input to a measurement computation unit 56, where the CLP measurement signal is converted to a digital signal at a maximum speed of approximately 60 Hz. Thus, a maximum of 1200 items of measured CLP data is obtained for each one-way travel. Such a collection of CLP measurement signals as acquired for each one-way travel is referred to as a CLP profile. The CLP profile is regarded as representing the cross-section of the paper 51 in the cross-machine direction, and used for the purpose of paper quality control. The CLP profile is considered especially important in the case of printing paper. For example, the quality of newspaper is stipulated such that a variable R, which is the deviation between the maximum and minimum variances in paper thickness, be kept at or below 1 μm for an average paper thickness of 80 μm.

[0007] The CLP profile is input to a control computation unit 57, where a controlled/manipulated variable for controlling a hot-air heater 52 is calculated. This controlled/manipulated variable is input through an interface panel 58 to the hot-air heater 52. The hot-air heater 52 blows air as hot as 40 to 400° C. onto a calender 53 in order to change the diameter thereof by means of thermal expansion, thereby tuning the CLP profile. The heater is segmented into multiple zones at a spacing interval of 75 to 100 mm and the temperature setpoint of hot air is changed on a zone-by-zone basis, so that the diameter of the calender 53 in the cross-machine direction is varied and thereby the CLP profile is properly adjusted.

[0008] Now, zone-specific profiles used in CLP profile control will be explained with reference to FIG. 2. In the figure, a numeral 61 indicates paper, the width thereof being divided into N zones. A numeral 62 indicates the measurement points of paper thickness, which amount to P_(t) points. Since the number of measurement points is greater than the number of zones under normal conditions, a plurality of measurement points are allocated to each zone. FIG. 2 shows that five measurement points are allocated to each zone. Although dependent on the scale of a paper machine, N has a value from 50 to 100 in normal applications. Likewise, P_(t) has a value of 1200 at the largest, though this value depends on the length of frame used.

[0009] A CLP profile PRF(i) is the value obtained by subtracting the average of all the values of a CLP process variable RPV(i) from the value of the CLP process variable RPV(i) of each measurement point. Thus, the CLP profile PRF(j) is expressed as equation 1 below.

PRF(i)=RPV(i)−PV _(AVE)(i=1, . . . Pt)  (1)

[0010] where ${PV}_{AVE} = {\frac{1}{Pt}{\sum\limits_{j - 1}^{Pt}\quad {{RPV}(i)}}}$

[0011] A measurement point of a CLP profile positioned at the midpoint of an ith zone is referred to as the position-specific measurement point of that zone, and is represented as PC(i). The number of measurement points included in one zone is determined from the mechanical width of the hot-air heater and the spacing between the measurement points of paper thickness, and is represented as AP. By way of simplifying later discussion, AP is defined as an odd number. If any calculated value of AP happens to be even, 1 is added to the value to make it odd.

[0012] The zone-specific CLP profile of a zone i is defined as ZP(i), and expressed as equation 2 below. $\begin{matrix} {{{ZP}(i)} = {\frac{1}{AP}{\sum\limits_{j = {- {BP}}}^{BP}\quad {{PRF}\left( {{{PC}(i)} + j} \right)}}}} & (2) \end{matrix}$

[0013] where

[0014] i=1, . . . , N

[0015] PC(i)=Position-specific measurement point of ith zone ${BP} = \frac{{AP} - 1}{2}$

[0016] CLP profile control refers to the type of control wherein a hot-air heater is controlled so that the CLP profile ZP(i) of each zone is flattened as much as possible.

[0017] Next, CLP profile control will be explained with reference to FIG. 3. The input to a controller 71 is a paper thickness deviation variable E(s), where a manipulated variable W(s) is calculated and output. The manipulated variable W(s) is input through a hold unit 72 to a process 73. The output of the process 73 is paper thickness C(s), which is fed back to the controller 71. G(s), H(s) and P(s) denote the transfer functions of the controller 71, hold unit 72 and process 73, respectively.

[0018] The transfer function P(s) of the process 73 can be approximated using a combination of a dead time and a first-order delay. Process measurement carried out in a certain paper machine using a step response method results in the dead time=5 min, time constant=8 min, and process gain=0.1 μm/%.

[0019] In order to carry out such control as described above, a sampling PI control method has been used conventionally. More specifically, it has been the common practice of such control to calculate a change in the controlled/manipulated variable ΔW_(n)(i) using equation 3 below. $\begin{matrix} {{\Delta \quad {W_{n}(i)}} = {\frac{100}{PB}\left( {{\Delta \quad {E_{n}(i)}} + {\frac{TC}{TI} \times {E_{n}(i)}}} \right)}} & (3) \end{matrix}$

[0020] where

[0021] ΔW_(n)(i)=Change in the manipulated variable of ith zone (%)

[0022] ΔE_(n)(i)=E_(n)(i)−E_(n−1)(i)

[0023] E_(n)(i)=Zone-specific CLP profile of ith zone

[0024] E_(n−1)(i)=Zone-specific CLP profile of ith zone measured one control period earlier

[0025] TC=Control period, i.e., time required for a one-way travel of scan (sec)

[0026] PB=Proportional band (%)

[0027] TI=Integral time (sec)

[0028]FIG. 4 shows the result of simulating the response of the process to a steplike disturbance, using the Chien-Hrones-Reswick method which is a typical method for determining a PI gain from a step response. The horizontal axis represents time in units of a control period (number of scans). Note that in this simulation, we defined the dead time L as 300 sec, time constant T as 480 sec, proportional band as 167×L/T, and integral time TI as T. This combination of settings minimizes the response to 20% overshoot. In FIG. 4, a numeral 81 indicates a control deviation variable and a numeral 82 denotes a change in the manipulated variable. As is evident from the figure, the process requires as many as 25 scans (750 sec) for 80% response and as many as 45 scans (1350 sec) for 90% response. This means that the process has extremely poor response.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0029] The present invention is intended to provide a highly responsive method of control based on a finite settling-time response method. More specifically, the invention provides a method for controlling a process by inputting a deviation between setpoint and process variables to a controller to calculate a controlled/manipulated variable, and then inputting the controlled/manipulated variable to the process, wherein conditions for the process variable to settle within a finite length of time are determined from the final-value theorem, the transfer function of the controller is derived from the conditions, and the value of or change in the controlled/manipulated variable with which to control the process is calculated using the transfer function. As a result, it is possible to allow even a process with a long dead time and a large time constant to settle within a short length of time, thereby increasing the efficiency of production.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0030]FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic view showing the configuration of a paper machine.

[0031]FIG. 2 is a schematic view explaining how a width of paper is divided into multiple zones.

[0032]FIG. 3 is a block diagram showing the configuration of a control system used in a prior art paper machine.

[0033]FIG. 4 is a graph showing the characteristics of prior art sampling PI control.

[0034]FIG. 5 is a block diagram showing how a feedback control system is changed into an open-loop control system.

[0035]FIG. 6 is a block diagram showing the result of z-transforming the control system of FIG. 5.

[0036]FIG. 7 is a graph showing the step-response characteristics of the control method according to the present invention.

[0037]FIG. 8 is a graph showing step-response characteristics for a case where a manipulated variable overshoots.

[0038]FIG. 9 is a graphical view showing response characteristics when the present invention is applied to an actual process.

[0039]FIG. 10 is another graphical view showing response characteristics when the present invention is applied to an actual process.

[0040]FIG. 11 is yet another graphical view showing response characteristics when the present invention is applied to an actual process.

[0041]FIG. 12 is yet another graphical view showing response characteristics when the present invention is applied to an actual process.

[0042]FIG. 13 is a graphical view showing the characteristics of prior art sampling PI control.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

[0043] Now, embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings.

[0044]FIG. 5 is a block diagram showing the result of changing the closed-loop control system of FIG. 3 by redrawing, into an open-loop control system. In FIG. 5, a paper thickness setpoint variable R(s) is input to a controller 11 having a transfer function D(s). The output of the controller 11 is in turn input to a process 12 having a transfer function HP(s). From the process 12, actual paper thickness C(s) is output. Now, the derivation of the block diagram of FIG. 5 will be explained.

[0045] The transfer function H(s) of the hold circuit 72 in FIG. 3 is represented by equation (4) below. $\begin{matrix} {{H(s)} = \frac{1 - ^{- {Ts}}}{s}} & (4) \end{matrix}$

[0046] where

[0047] T=Sampling interval

[0048] Since the process 73 can be represented using a dead time and a first-order delay as discussed earlier, the transfer function P(s) of the process 73 is expressed by equation (5) below. $\begin{matrix} {{P(s)} = \frac{K\quad ^{- {Ls}}}{1 + {T_{0}s}}} & (5) \end{matrix}$

[0049] where

[0050] T₀=Time constant

[0051] L=Dead time defined as L=m*T (m is 0 or a natural number)

[0052] From FIG. 3,

[0053] E(s)=R(s)−C(s)

[0054] W(s)=G(s)E(s)

[0055] C(s)=HP(s)W(s)

[0056] hold true. By rearranging these equations, we obtain

−HP(s)G(x)C(s)+HP(s)G(x)R(s)=C(s)

[0057] By rearranging this equation for C(s), we obtain ${C(s)} = {\frac{{{HP}(s)}{G(x)}}{1 + {{{HP}(s)}{G(x)}}}{R(s)}}$

[0058] By comparing this equation with the block diagram of FIG. 5 and defining D(z) as ${D(z)} = \frac{G(s)}{1 + {{{HP}(s)}{G(s)}}}$

[0059] we see that the block diagram of FIG. 3 can be changed to that of FIG. 5.

[0060] Next, we will z-transform the process 12 shown in FIG. 5.

[0061] By substituting equations (4) and (5) for the H(s) and P(s) terms in the above-noted equation and z-transforming the result, we obtain equation (6) below. $\begin{matrix} \begin{matrix} {{{HP}(z)} = {Z\left\lbrack {\frac{1 - ^{- {Ts}}}{s} \cdot \frac{K\quad ^{- {Ls}}}{1 + {T_{0}s}}} \right\rbrack}} \\ {= {{K\left( {1 - z^{- 1}} \right)}{z^{- m} \cdot {Z\left\lbrack \frac{1}{s\left( {1 + {T_{0}s}} \right)} \right\rbrack}}}} \\ {= {{K\left( {1 - z^{- 1}} \right)}{z^{- m} \cdot {Z\left\lbrack {\frac{1}{s} - \frac{1}{s + T_{0}^{- 1}}} \right\rbrack}}}} \\ {= {{K\left( {1 - z^{- 1}} \right)}{z^{- m}\left( {\frac{1}{1 - z^{- 1}} - \frac{1}{1 - {^{{- T}/T_{0}}z^{- 1}}}} \right)}}} \\ {= \frac{{K\left( {1 - \alpha} \right)}z^{- {({m + 1})}}}{1 - {az}^{- 1}}} \end{matrix} & (6) \end{matrix}$

[0062] where

α=e^(−T/T) _(is -0)

[0063] As the result of this transform, the controller 11 and process 12 of FIG. 5 are changed to a controller 111 and a process 121, respectively, as shown in FIG. 6.

[0064] In FIG. 6, the necessary and sufficient conditions for C(z) to be able to settle finitely in the settling time of (k+m)T (k is a natural number) are that equations 7 and 8 hold true for a given set of values a₁, a₂, . . . , a_(k−1); a_(k) and A₀, according to the final-value theorem, as shown below.

D(z)=A ₀(1−αz ⁻¹){1+α₁ z ⁻¹+α₂ z ⁻²+ . . . +α_(k−1) z ^(−(k−1))}  (7)

lim A ₀ K(1−α)z ^(−(m+1)){1+α₁ z ⁻¹+α₂ z ⁻²+ . . . +α_(k−1) z ^(−(k−1))}=1  (8)

Z→1

[0065] From equation (8), we have $A_{0} = \frac{1}{{K\left( {1 - \alpha} \right)}\left( {1 + a_{1} + a_{2} + \quad \ldots \quad + a_{k - 1}} \right)}$

[0066] By substituting this equation into equation (7), we obtain ${{D(z)} = {\frac{\left( {1 - {\alpha \quad z^{- 1}}} \right)}{{KA}\left( {1 - \alpha} \right)}\left\{ {1 + {\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{k - 1}\quad {a_{i}z^{- i}}}} \right\}}},{A = {1 + a_{1} + a_{2} + \cdots + a_{k - 1}}}$

[0067] Formulating G(z) from this equation gives equation 9 below. $\begin{matrix} \begin{matrix} {{G(z)} = \quad \frac{D(z)}{1 - {{{HP}(z)}{D(z)}}}} \\ {= \quad \frac{\frac{\left( {1 - {\alpha \quad z^{- 1}}} \right)}{{KA}\left( {1 - \alpha} \right)}\left\{ {1 + {\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{k - 1}\quad {a_{i}z^{- i}}}} \right\}}{1 - {\frac{{K\left( {1 - \alpha} \right)}z^{- {({m + 1})}}}{1 - {\alpha \quad z^{- 1}}}\frac{\left( {1 - {\alpha \quad z^{- 1}}} \right)}{{KA}\left( {1 - \alpha} \right)}\left\{ {1 + {\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{k - 1}\quad {a_{i}z^{- i}}}} \right\}}}} \\ {= \quad {\frac{1}{{KA}\left( {1 - \alpha} \right)}\frac{\left( {1 - {a\quad z^{- 1}}} \right)\left\{ {1 + {\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{k - 1}\quad {a_{i}z^{- i}}}} \right\}}{1 - {\frac{1}{A}z^{- {({m + 1})}}\left\{ {1 + {\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{k - 1}\quad {a_{i}z^{- i}}}} \right\}}}}} \end{matrix} & (9) \end{matrix}$

[0068] If we assume that

[0069] a_(i)=α^(i)(1≦i≦k−1), where α=e^(−T/T) ^(₀)

[0070] T=Sampling interval

[0071] T₀=Process time constant

[0072] then we obtain ${1 + {\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{k - 1}\quad {a_{i}z^{- i}}}} = {{1 + {\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{k - 1}\quad {\alpha^{i}z^{- i}}}} = {{\sum\limits_{i = 0}^{k - 1}\quad {\alpha^{i}z^{- i}}} = \frac{1 - {\alpha^{k}z^{- k}}}{1 - {\alpha \quad z^{- 1}}}}}$ $A = {{1 + {\sum\limits_{i = 1}^{k}\quad a_{i}}} = {{\sum\limits_{i = 0}^{k}\quad a^{i}} = \frac{1 - \alpha^{k}}{1 - \alpha}}}$

[0073] Consequently, equation (10) below holds true. $\begin{matrix} {{G(z)} = {{{\frac{1}{K\left( {1 - \alpha^{k}} \right)}1} - \frac{\alpha^{k}z^{- k}}{1 - {\frac{1 - \alpha}{1 - \alpha^{k}}\frac{z^{- {({m + 1})}}\left( {1 - {\alpha^{k}z^{- k}}} \right)}{1 - {\alpha z}^{- 1}}}}}\quad = {\frac{1}{K\left( {1 - \alpha^{k}} \right)}\left( {1 - {\alpha \quad z^{- 1}}} \right)\frac{\left( {1 - {\alpha^{k}z^{- k}}} \right)}{\left( {1 - {\alpha \quad z^{- 1}}} \right) - {\frac{\left( {1 - \alpha} \right)}{1 - \alpha^{k}}{z^{- {({m + 1})}}\left( {1 - {\alpha^{k}z^{- k}}} \right)}}}}}} & (10) \end{matrix}$

[0074] From equation (10), a control computation expression based on a finite settling-time response method is given by ${G(z)} = {{\frac{1}{K\left( {1 - \alpha^{k}} \right)}\frac{\left( {1 - {\alpha \quad z^{- 1}}} \right)\left( {1 - {\alpha^{k}z^{- k}}} \right)}{\left( {1 - {\alpha \quad z^{- 1}}} \right) - {\frac{1 - \alpha}{1 - \alpha^{k}}{z^{- {({m + 1})}}\left( {1 - {\alpha^{k}z^{- k}}} \right)}}}}\quad = {\frac{1}{K\left( {1 - \alpha^{k}} \right)}\frac{\left( {1 - {\alpha \quad z^{- 1}}} \right)\left( {1 - {\alpha^{k}z^{- k}}} \right)}{\left( {1 - {\alpha \quad z^{- 1}}} \right) - {\frac{1 - \alpha}{1 - \alpha^{k}}{z^{- {({m + 1})}}\left( {1 - {\alpha^{k}z^{- k}}} \right)}}}}}$

[0075] Accordingly, the controlled/manipulated variable W_(n) for a control timing n is given by $\begin{matrix} {{W_{n} = {{\frac{1}{K\left( {1 - \alpha^{k}} \right)}\left\lbrack {E_{n} - {\alpha \quad E_{n - 1}} - {\alpha^{k}\left\{ {E_{n - k} - {\alpha \quad E_{n - {({k + 1})}}}} \right\}}} \right\rbrack} + {\alpha \quad W_{n - 1}} - {\alpha \quad W_{n - 2}} + {\frac{1 - \alpha}{1 - \alpha^{k}}\left\{ {W_{n - {({m + 1})}} - {\alpha^{k}W_{n - {({m + k + 1})}}}} \right\}}}}{W_{n - 1} = {{\frac{1}{K\left( {1 - \alpha^{k}} \right)}\left\lbrack {E_{n - 1} - {\alpha \quad E_{n - 2}} - {\alpha^{k}\left\{ {E_{n - {({k + 1})}} - {\alpha \quad E_{n - {({k + 2})}}}} \right\}}} \right\rbrack} + {\alpha \quad W_{n - 2}} - {\alpha \quad W_{n - 3}} + {\frac{1 - \alpha}{1 - \alpha^{k}}\left\{ {W_{n - {({m + 2})}} - {\alpha^{k}W_{n - {({m + k + 3})}}}} \right\}}}}} & (11) \end{matrix}$

[0076] By rewriting equations (11) to represent a change in the controlled/manipulated variable, Δw_(n), we obtain equation (12) below. $\begin{matrix} {{\Delta \quad W_{n}} = {{{\frac{1}{K\left( {1 - \alpha^{k}} \right)}\left\lbrack {E_{n} - {\left( {\alpha + 1} \right)E_{n - 1}} + {\alpha \quad E_{n - 2}}} \right\rbrack} - {\frac{\alpha^{k}}{K\left( {1 - \alpha^{k}} \right)}\left\lbrack {E_{n - k} - {\left( {\alpha + 1} \right)E_{n - {({k + 1})}}} + {\alpha \quad E_{n - {({k + 2})}}}} \right\rbrack} + {\alpha \quad \Delta \quad W_{n - 1}} + {\frac{1 - \alpha}{1 - \alpha^{k}}\left\{ {{\Delta \quad W_{n - {({m + 1})}}} - {\alpha^{k}\Delta \quad W_{n - {({m + k + 1})}}}} \right\}}}\quad = {{\frac{1}{K\left( {1 - \alpha^{k}} \right)}\left\lbrack {E_{n} - {\left( {\alpha + 1} \right)E_{n - 1}} + {\alpha \quad E_{n - 2}} - {\alpha^{k}\left\{ {E_{n - k} - {\left( {\alpha + 1} \right)E_{n - {({k + 1})}}} + {\alpha \quad E_{n - {({k + 2})}}}} \right\}}} \right\rbrack} + {\alpha \quad \Delta \quad W_{n - 1}} + {\frac{1 - \alpha}{1 - \alpha^{k}}\left\{ {{\Delta \quad W_{n - {({m + 1})}}} - {\alpha^{k}\Delta \quad W_{n - {({m + k + 1})}}}} \right\}}}}} & (12) \end{matrix}$

[0077] Consequently, it is possible to improve response by carrying out control using the change in the controlled/manipulated variable, ΔW_(n) based on equation (12).

[0078] In CLP profile control, a manipulated variable often overshoots beyond the 0-100% range, thus causing a deterioration in controllability. In the paragraphs that follow, a control algorithm is proposed that allows a process to settle within a finite length of time even in that case.

[0079] Now we define the upper limit of manipulation with a fixed setpoint as L (positive) and an actual manipulated variable as Δw_(n) ^(a). If W_(n)+ΔW_(n)>L, then

Δw _(n) ^(a) =L−W _(n) ^(a)

[0080] holds true, provided that W_(n) and ΔW_(n) are given by equations (11) and (12), respectively. This means that only part of the sum (W_(n)+ΔW_(n)) can be provided as an output.

[0081] Therefore, if we define the amount of change in the manipulated variable, Δw_(n), which could not be output, as Δw_(n) ^(b), then the following relationship holds true.

ΔW _(n) ^(b) =ΔW _(n) −ΔW _(n) ^(a) =ΔW _(n)−(L−W _(n))  (13)

[0082] This relationship also holds true for the lower limit of manipulation.

[0083] If we change equation (13) into

ΔW _(n) =ΔW _(n) ^(n) +ΔW _(n) ^(b)

[0084] and substitute this relationship into equation (12), we obtain $\begin{matrix} {{{\Delta \quad W_{n}^{a}} + {\Delta \quad W_{n}^{b}}} = {{\frac{1}{K\left( {1 - \alpha^{k}} \right)}\left\lbrack {E_{n} - {\left( {\alpha + 1} \right)E_{n - 1}} + {\alpha \quad E_{n - 2}} - {\alpha^{k}\left\{ {E_{n - k} - {\left( {\alpha + 1} \right)E_{n - {({k + 1})}}} + {\alpha \quad E_{n - {({k + 2})}}}} \right\}}} \right\rbrack} + {{\alpha\Delta}\quad W_{n - 1}} + {\frac{1 - \alpha}{1 - \alpha^{k}}\left\{ {{\Delta \quad W_{n - {({m + 1})}}} - {\alpha^{k}\Delta \quad W_{n - {({m + k + 1})}}}} \right\}}}} & (14) \end{matrix}$

[0085] Changing equation (14) results in $\begin{matrix} {{\Delta \quad W_{n}^{a}} = {{\frac{1}{K\left( {1 - \alpha^{k}} \right)}\left\lbrack {\left\{ {E_{n} - {{K\left( {1 - \alpha^{k}} \right)}\Delta \quad W_{n}^{b}}} \right\} - {\left( {\alpha + 1} \right)E_{n - 1}} + {\alpha \quad E_{n - 2}} - {\alpha^{k}\left\{ {E_{n - k} - {\left( {\alpha + 1} \right)E_{n - {({k + 1})}}} + {\alpha \quad E_{n - {({k + 2})}}}} \right\}}} \right\rbrack} + {{\alpha\Delta}\quad W_{n - 1}} + {\frac{1 - \alpha}{1 - \alpha^{k}}\left\{ {{\Delta \quad W_{n - {({m + 1})}}} - {\alpha^{k}\Delta \quad W_{n - {({m + k + 1})}}}} \right\}}}} & (15) \end{matrix}$

[0086] From equation (15), we can regard Δw_(n) ^(a) as the manipulated variable of a finite settling time controller G_(c) for a deviation E_(n) ^(b), if we define E_(n) ^(b) as

E _(n) ^(b) =E _(n) −KA(1−α)ΔW _(n) ^(b)

[0087] In this case, w_(n)+Δw_(n) ^(a)=L holds true. Accordingly, there is no need to consider the manipulation limit L. This means that any given control deviation can be regarded as E_(n) ^(b), rather than an actual deviation E_(n). Thus, we can consider the manipulated variable Δw_(n) ^(a) with a manipulation limit in the same way as we address a manipulated variable for which no manipulation limit is considered. For this reason we change equation (15) into equation (16) below. $\begin{matrix} {{\Delta \quad W_{n}} = {{\frac{1}{K\left( {1 - \alpha^{k}} \right)}\left\lbrack {E_{n} - {\left( {\alpha + 1} \right)\left\{ {E_{n - 1} - {{K\left( {1 - \alpha^{k}} \right)}\Delta \quad W_{n - 1}^{b}}} \right\}} + {\alpha \left\{ {E_{n - 2} - {{K\left( {1 - \alpha^{k}} \right)}\Delta \quad W_{n - 2}^{b}}} \right\}}} \right\rbrack} - {{\frac{\alpha^{k}}{K\left( {1 - \alpha^{k}} \right)}\left\lbrack {\left\{ {E_{n - k} - {{K\left( {1 - \alpha^{k}} \right)}\Delta \quad W_{n - k}^{b}}} \right\} - \left\{ {\alpha + 1}\quad \right.} \right)}\left. \quad{\left\{ {E_{n - {({k + 1})}} - {{K\left( {1 - \alpha^{k}} \right)}\Delta \quad W_{n - {({k + 1})}}^{b}}} \right\} + {\alpha \left\{ {E_{n - {({k + 2})}} - {{K\left( {1 - \alpha^{k}} \right)}\Delta \quad W_{n - {({k + 2})}}^{b}}} \right\}}} \right\rbrack} + {{\alpha\Delta}\quad W_{n - 1}^{a}} + {\frac{1 - \alpha}{1 - \alpha^{k}}\left\{ {{\Delta \quad W_{n - {({m + 1})}}^{a}} - {\alpha^{k}\Delta \quad W_{n - {({m + k + 1})}}^{a}}} \right\}}}} & (16) \end{matrix}$

[0088] where

[0089] Δw_(n) ^(a)=L−W_(n) (if W_(n)+ΔW_(n)>L) or

[0090] Δw_(n) ^(a)=ΔW_(n) (if W_(n)+ΔW_(n)≦L), and

[0091] Δw_(n) ^(b)=ΔW_(n)−(L−W_(n)) (if W_(n)+ΔW_(n)>L) or

[0092] Δw_(n) ^(b)=0 (if W_(n)+ΔW_(n)≦L)

[0093] Thus, it is evident that a change in the manipulated variable given by equation (16) settles within a finite length of time.

[0094]FIG. 7 shows the result of simulating the response when a step disturbance is applied to the control computation expression defined as equation (12). In FIG. 7, a numeral 21 indicates a control deviation variable and a numeral 22 indicates a manipulated variable. Also note that the variable k in equations (7) and (8) noted earlier is assumed to be 10 here and, therefore, the settling time L+kT is 600 sec. Furthermore, like the case of FIG. 4, the simulation was carried out by defining the dead time as 300 sec, time constant as 480 sec, and sampling time as 30 sec.

[0095] As is evident from FIG. 7, the control deviation variable provides 100% response in as short as 20 scans (600 sec), which is a significant improvement when compared with the response of FIG. 4. Thus, use of a finite settling-time response method makes it theoretically possible to achieve 100% response that cannot be attained with sampling PI control.

[0096] Since the minimum value of k is 1, we assume here that k=1. Then, the shortest settling time is calculated as L+T=330 sec. Note however that the initial value of the manipulated variable Δw₁ for a step disturbance is ${\Delta \quad W_{1}} = {\frac{1}{K\left( {1 - \alpha^{k}} \right)} = {\frac{1}{1 - \left\{ {\exp \left( {{- T}/T_{0}} \right)} \right\}^{k}} = {\frac{1}{1 - \left\{ {\exp \left( {{- 10}/480} \right)} \right\}^{k}} = \frac{1}{1 - 0.979^{k}}}}}$

[0097] Thus, Δw₁ is calculated as Δw₁=47.61=4761%. This value is not realistic at all. In practice, the value of k must be defined so as to satisfy k×T>T₀/2 (T₀ is a time constant).

[0098]FIG. 8 shows the result of simulating a step response when the upper limit of a manipulated variable is set to 1.5 (150%). If a change in the controlled/manipulated variable is calculated according to equation (12), the resulting value will cross this limit. For this reason, the manipulated variable is determined according to equation (16). Note that the conditions of this simulation, i.e., the dead time=300 sec, time constant=480 sec, sampling time=30 sec, and k=10, are the same as those of FIG. 7. In addition, m in equation (16) is assumed to be 10 here. Consequently, a theoretical settling time is calculated as (k+m)T=600 sec. Also note that like the case of FIG. 7, a numeral 21 denotes a control deviation variable and a numeral 22 denotes a manipulated variable.

[0099] As is evident from FIG. 8, a change in the manipulated variable settles within a finite length of time also in this case, though the settling time is prolonged beyond 30 scans (600 sec). This means that the manipulated variable can be made to settle in a short length of time by calculating the manipulated variable according to equation (16), even if the theoretical value of the manipulated variable exceeds the controller's upper limit of the manipulated variable.

[0100]FIG. 9 shows how actual control is carried out. This figure is a collection of trend graphs representing CLP profiles corresponding with nozzles 77, 5 and 21 and the manipulated variables of these respective nozzles. A numeral 31 indicates a CLP deviation variable (μm) and a numeral 32 indicates a manipulated variable (%). In all of graphs a to c, the CLP deviation variable is seen to settle within 0.5 μm in only 15 to 17 minutes. Graph c, among other graphs, is for a case where the manipulated variable

[0101]FIG. 13 shows trend graphs representing nozzle-specific CLP profiles and the manipulated variables of respective nozzles in conventional PI control. These graphs are shown for the purpose of contrast with those of FIG. 9. In FIG. 13, graph a shows the plots of nozzle 75, graph b shows the plots of nozzle 80, a numeral 33 denotes a CLP process variable, and a numeral 34 denotes a manipulated variable. This figure shows the problem that the CLP process variable takes as long as 23 to 30 minutes to settle within a deviation of 0.5 μm. Furthermore, the manipulated variable varies in a very gentle manner. Accordingly, it is understood that the control method of FIG. 13 is significantly inferior to that of FIG. 9.

[0102] Although the present invention has been applied to profile control in the cross-machine direction of a paper machine in the above-described embodiment, the invention is in no way limited to this type of control. The present invention can also be applied to other types of profile control in the cross-machine direction that uses actuators having a long dead time and a large time constant.

[0103] Furthermore, the present invention is also applicable to sampling control systems with a long dead time and a large time constant, in addition to systems for profile control in the cross-machine direction. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A process control method for controlling a process by inputting a deviation between setpoint and process variables to a controller to calculate a controlled/manipulated variable, and then inputting said controlled/manipulated variable to said process, comprising the steps of: determining conditions for said process variable to settle within a finite length of time from the final-value theorem; concluding the transfer function of said controller from said conditions; and calculating the value of or change in said controlled/manipulated variable with which to control said process, using said transfer function.
 2. A process control method for controlling a process by inputting a deviation between setpoint and process variables to a controller to calculate a controlled/manipulated variable, and then inputting said controlled/manipulated variable to said process, wherein the value of said controlled/manipulated variable in a current control period is calculated from deviations in said current control period and earlier control periods and the values of said controlled/manipulated variable in said earlier control periods.
 3. The process control method of claim 1 or 2, wherein an integer m is defined as the ratio between the dead time and control period of said process and an integer k is defined as the value obtained by subtracting said integer m from the ratio between the settling time and said control period, whereby the latest value of a controlled/manipulated variable W_(n) output by said controller is calculated according to the following equation $W_{n} = {{\frac{1}{K\left( {1 - \alpha^{k}} \right)}\left\lbrack {E_{n} - {\alpha \quad E_{n - 1}} - {\alpha^{k}\left\{ {E_{n - k} - {\alpha \quad E_{n - {({k + 1})}}}} \right\}}} \right\rbrack} + {\alpha \quad W_{n - 1}} - {\alpha \quad W_{n - 2}} + {\frac{1 - \alpha}{1 - \alpha^{k}}\left\{ {W_{n - {({m + 1})}} - {\alpha^{k}W_{n - {({m + k + 1})}}}} \right\}}}$

where E_(n), E_(n−1), E_(n−k) and E_(n−(k+1)) are the values of said deviation in the current control period, in the previous control period, in the period k control periods earlier, and in the period k+1 control periods earlier, respectively, W_(n−1), W_(n−2), W_(n−(m+1)) and W_(n−(m+k+1)) are the values of said controlled/manipulated variable in the previous control period, in the period two control periods earlier, in the period m+1 control periods earlier, and in the period m+k+1 control periods earlier, respectively, and α and K are constants.
 4. A process control method for controlling a process by inputting a deviation between setpoint and process variables to a controller to calculate a controlled/manipulated variable, and then inputting said controlled/manipulated variable to said process, wherein a change in said controlled/manipulated variable in a current control period is calculated from deviations in said current control period and earlier control periods and changes in said controlled/manipulated variable in said earlier control periods.
 5. The process control method of claim 1 or 4, wherein an integer m is defined as the ratio between the dead time and control period of said process and an integer k is defined as the value obtained by subtracting said integer m from the ratio between the settling time and said control period, whereby the latest change in a controlled/manipulated variable, ΔW_(n) output by said controller is calculated according to the following equation ${\Delta \quad W_{n}} = {\frac{1}{K\left( {1 - \alpha^{k}} \right)}{\quad\left\lbrack {E_{n} - \left. \quad{{\left( {\alpha + 1} \right)E_{n - 1}} + {\alpha E}_{n - 2} - {\alpha^{k}\left\{ {E_{n - k} - {\left( {\alpha + 1} \right)\quad E_{n - {({k + 1})}}} + {\alpha \quad E_{n - {({k + 2})}}}} \right\}}} \right\rbrack + {\alpha \quad \Delta \quad W_{n - 1}} + {\frac{1 - \alpha}{1 - \alpha^{k}}\left\{ {{\Delta \quad W_{n - {({m + 1})}}} - {\alpha^{k}\Delta \quad W_{n - {({m + k + 1})}}}} \right\}}} \right.}}$

where E_(n), E_(n−1), E_(n−2), E_(n−k), E_(n−(k+1)) and E_(n−(k+2)) are the values of said deviation in the current control period, in the previous control period, in the period two control periods earlier, in the period k control periods earlier, in the period k+1 control periods earlier, and in the period k+2 control periods earlier, respectively, ΔW_(n−1), ΔW_(n−(m+1)) and ΔW_(n−(m k+1)) are changes in said controlled/manipulated variable in the previous control period, in the period m+1 control periods earlier, and in the period m+k+1 control periods earlier, respectively, and α and K are constants.
 6. A process control method for controlling a process by inputting a deviation between setpoint and process variables to a controller to calculate a controlled/manipulated variable, and then inputting said controlled/manipulated variable to said process, comprising the steps of: determining conditions for said process variable to settle within a finite length of time from the final-value theorem; concluding the transfer function of said controller from said conditions; calculating a change in said controlled/manipulated variable with which to control said process, using said transfer function; and correcting a deviation variable to be input to said transfer function, by using a value related to the amount of change in said controlled/manipulated variable that could not be output in the previous and earlier control periods.
 7. A process control method for controlling a process by inputting a deviation between setpoint and process variables to a controller to calculate a controlled/manipulated variable, and then inputting said controlled/manipulated variable to said process, comprising the steps of: calculating a change in said controlled/manipulated variable in a current control period from deviations in said current control period and earlier control periods and a value related to changes in said controlled/manipulated variable in said earlier control periods; and correcting said deviation by using the amount of change in said controlled/manipulated variable that could not be output in the previous and earlier control periods.
 8. The process control method of claim 6 or 7, wherein an integer m is defined as the ratio between the dead time and control period of said process and an integer k is defined as the value obtained by subtracting said integer m from the ratio between the settling time and said control period, whereby the latest change in a controlled/manipulated variable, ΔW_(n) output by said controller is calculated according to the following equation ${\Delta \quad W_{n}} = {{\frac{1}{K\left( {1 - \alpha^{k}} \right)}\left\lbrack {E_{n} - {\left( {\alpha + 1} \right)\left\{ \quad {E_{n - 1} - {{K\left( {1 - \alpha^{k}} \right)}\Delta \quad W_{n - 1}^{b}}} \right\}} + {\alpha \left\{ {E_{n - 2} - {{K\left( {1 - \alpha^{k}} \right)}\Delta \quad W_{n - 2}^{b}}} \right\}}} \right\rbrack} - {\frac{\alpha^{k}}{K\left( {1 - \alpha^{k}} \right)}{\quad{\left\lbrack {\left\{ {E_{n - k} - {{K\left( {1 - \alpha^{k}} \right)}\Delta \quad W_{n - k}^{b}}} \right\} - {\left( {\alpha + 1} \right)\left\{ {E_{n - {({k + 1})}} - {{K\left( {1 - \alpha^{k}} \right)}\Delta \quad W_{n - {({k + 1})}}^{b}}} \right\}} + {\alpha \left\{ {E_{n - {({k + 2})}} - {{K\left( {1 - \alpha^{k}} \right)}\Delta \quad W_{n - {({k + 2})}}^{b}}} \right\}}} \right\rbrack + {{\alpha\Delta}\quad W_{n - 1}^{a}} + {\frac{1 - \alpha}{1 - \alpha^{k}}\left\{ {{\Delta \quad W_{n - {({m + 1})}}^{a}} - {\alpha^{k}\Delta \quad W_{n - {({m + k + 1})}}^{a}}} \right\}}}}}}$

where E_(n), E_(n−1), E_(n−2), E_(n−k), E_(n−(k+1)) and E_(n−(k+2)) are the values of said deviation in the current control period, in the previous control period, in the period two control periods earlier, in the period k control periods earlier, in the period k+1 control periods earlier, and in the period k+2 control periods earlier, respectively, and a and K are constants, and L is defined as the upper limit of manipulation that can be output by said controller, whereby Δw_(n) ^(a) and Δw_(n) ^(b) are given by Δw_(n) ^(a)=L−W_(n) (if W_(n)+ΔW_(n)>L); or Δw_(n) ^(a)=ΔW_(n) (if W_(n)+ΔW_(n)≦L); and Δw_(n) ^(b)=ΔW_(n)−(L−W_(n)) (if W_(n)+ΔW_(n)>L); or Δw_(n) ^(b)=0 (if W_(n)+ΔW_(n)≦L); respectively, where Δw_(n−i) ^(a) and Δw_(n−i) ^(b) are changes in said controlled/manipulated variable in the period i control periods earlier.
 9. The process control method of claim 5 or 8, wherein the time constant of said process is defined as T₀, the sampling time thereof is defined as T, and the value of k is set so as to satisfy the following inequality k×T>T₀/2.
 10. The process control method of any of claims 1 to 9, wherein said method is applied to profile control in the cross-machine direction of a paper.
 11. A process control apparatus for controlling a process by inputting a deviation between setpoint and process variables to a controller to calculate a controlled/manipulated variable, and then inputting said controlled/manipulated variable to said process, comprising: finite-time settling means for determining conditions for said process variable to settle within a finite length of time from the final-value theorem; transfer function conclusion means for concluding the transfer function of said controller from said conditions; and computation means for calculating the value of or change in said controlled/manipulated variable with which to control said process, using said transfer function. 